Evaluation of neurofeedback in ADHD: The long and winding road

Abstract

Discusses the use of neurofeedback in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). After a brief introduction to neurofeedback, recent findings on the efficacy of neurofeedback in patients with ADHD are reviewed. Particular focus is placed on the control conditions utilized in such studies to control for nonspecific factors. The outcomes from studies employing semi-active, active, and placebo control conditions are reviewed. Furthermore, the effect sizes from metaanalyses for neurofeedback are compared to those from medication. It is argued that neurofeedback procedures involving sensorimotor rhythm, Theta/Beta EEG ratio, and slow cortical potentials may be clinically effective treatments for children with ADHD. Suggestions for future research are discussed.